Covert attention refers to attention without eye movement, while overt attention involves directing attention through eye movement.

Bottom-up attention is driven by salient environmental stimuli, while top-down attention is guided by our goals, expectations, and internal factors.

Human sexuality refers to the way people experience and express themselves as sexual beings. It includes a wide range of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings related to sexual attraction, desire, identity, and relationships.

The biopsychosocial approach to human sexuality emphasizes that biological, psychological, and social factors all interact to shape our sexual behaviors and experiences. Biologically, hormonal and genetic factors influence our sexual development. Psychologically, factors such as gender identity, sexual orientation, and cognitive processes impact our sexual experiences. Socially, cultural norms, socialization, and interpersonal relationships affect our sexual behaviors and attitudes.

The nature vs. nurture debate in human sexuality seeks to determine the extent to which our sexual behaviors and orientations are influenced by biological factors (nature) or environmental factors (nurture). While research suggests that both nature and nurture play significant roles, it is generally agreed upon that human sexuality is a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, social, and cultural factors.

Socio-cultural influences on human sexuality refer to the impact of social and cultural factors on our sexual behaviors and attitudes. This includes cultural norms, religious beliefs, societal expectations, media representation, and education. For example, cultural norms and religious teachings may shape attitudes towards premarital sex, while media portrayals of idealized bodies can influence body image and sexual self-esteem. These influences vary across cultures and can have a significant impact on an individual's sexual experiences.

Sexual orientation refers to an individual's enduring pattern of sexual, romantic, and/or emotional attractions to men, women, both genders, or none. The most commonly recognized sexual orientations are heterosexual (attraction to the opposite gender), homosexual (attraction to the same gender), and bisexual (attraction to both genders). However, there is a broad spectrum of sexual orientations, including asexuality (lack of sexual attraction) and pansexuality (attraction regardless of gender).

There are various theories of sexual orientation development. One prominent theory is the biological theory, which suggests that genetic and hormonal factors play a role in determining an individual's sexual orientation. Another theory is the psychoanalytic theory, which posits that early childhood experiences and unconscious processes shape sexual orientation. The social constructionist theory argues that social and cultural factors heavily influence how sexual orientation is understood and expressed. The interactionist perspective suggests a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors interact to shape sexual orientation.

Gender identity refers to an individual's deeply-held sense of being male, female, or another gender. It is an internal understanding of one's own gender, which may or may not align with the sex assigned at birth. Gender identity is influenced by a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors and can vary across cultures and individuals.

Gender identity and sexual orientation are distinct aspects of human sexuality. While gender identity relates to an individual's internal sense of being male, female, or another gender, sexual orientation refers to the pattern of sexual, romantic, and emotional attractions a person has towards others. Gender identity is about who you are, while sexual orientation is about who you are attracted to.

There are several theoretical perspectives on gender roles. The biological perspective suggests that gender differences originate from biological and genetic factors. The social learning theory proposes that gender roles are learned through socialization processes, with individuals observing and imitating gendered behaviors. The cognitive developmental theory explores how children actively construct their understanding of gender through their interactions with the environment. The sociocultural perspective emphasizes the role of cultural norms and societal expectations in shaping gender roles.

The media has a significant impact on body image and sexual self-esteem. Idealized and unrealistic portrayals of beauty and sexuality in the media can lead to body dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, and unhealthy behaviors such as disordered eating, excessive exercise, and cosmetic surgeries. Media can also perpetuate narrow and heteronormative ideals of sexual attractiveness, leading to feelings of inadequacy or shame for those who don't fit these standards. It is important to critically analyze media messages and promote body positivity and diversity.

There are various potential influences on sexual dysfunction. These can include physical factors such as hormonal imbalances, chronic illnesses, or medication side effects. Psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, or negative body image can also contribute to sexual dysfunction. Relationship issues, communication problems, and cultural or religious beliefs can further impact sexual functioning. It is crucial to consider a holistic approach, identifying and addressing both physical and psychological factors, when evaluating and treating sexual dysfunction.

Sexual consent is the explicit agreement and mutual understanding between individuals to engage in sexual activity. It should be voluntary and given by individuals who are capable of making informed decisions. Consent must be ongoing, meaning that individuals have the right to withdraw consent at any point during sexual activity. It is essential to be aware that consent cannot be given if one party is unable to understand or communicate their wishes due to intoxication, coercion, or incapacitation.

Sexual scripts refer to culturally learned expectations and patterns of behavior regarding sexual interactions. These scripts often shape our understanding of what is considered 'normal' or appropriate in various sexual contexts. For example, a common script might involve a sequence of behaviors such as flirting, kissing, and progressing to sexual intercourse. Sexual scripts can influence our perceptions of consent, sexual desire, communication, and expectations in intimate relationships.

Sex education plays a crucial role in promoting healthy sexual behaviors. Comprehensive sex education programs provide accurate and age-appropriate information about sexual and reproductive health, consent, contraception, STD prevention, and healthy relationships. Such programs empower individuals to make informed decisions, reduce the risk of unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections, and promote sexual health and well-being. Accessible and inclusive sex education can also help challenge stigma, promote healthy body image, and foster positive attitudes towards diversity in sexual orientations and gender identities.

Psychological factors such as individual differences in personality traits, cognitive processes, and attachment styles may influence sexual orientation. For example, research suggests that individuals who are more open-minded, have higher levels of empathy, or exhibit certain patterns of attachment may be more likely to have non-heterosexual orientations. However, it is important to note that sexual orientation is complex, and while psychological factors may play a role, they are only part of the overall picture.

Stereotypes and stigma have a significant impact on LGBTQ+ individuals. Negative stereotypes and societal prejudice can lead to discrimination, social exclusion, and psychological distress. LGBTQ+ individuals may face higher rates of victimization, bullying, and harassment, which can negatively affect their mental health and well-being. Additionally, stigma can contribute to internalized homophobia or transphobia, where individuals may internalize negative beliefs about themselves, leading to shame and self-esteem issues. Creating inclusive and supportive environments is essential for the well-being of LGBTQ+ individuals.

Cultural influences can significantly impact sexual practices. Cultural norms, values, and religious beliefs can shape attitudes towards premarital sex, contraception, abortion, and LGBTQ+ rights. Some cultures may have strict rules and regulations around sexual behavior, while others may have more permissive attitudes. Cultural practices and rituals related to courtship, marriage, and family structures also influence sexual practices within a society. It is important to approach cross-cultural understandings of sexuality with cultural sensitivity and respect for diversity.

Sexual fluidity refers to the idea that an individual's sexual orientation or attractions can change or fluctuate over time. Some people may experience shifts in their sexual attractions, moving along a continuum from same-gender to opposite-gender attractions, or anywhere within the spectrum. Sexual fluidity challenges the notion of a fixed, static sexual orientation and recognizes the potential for a person's attractions to evolve and change across their lifespan.