The aim of CBT is to help individuals identify and modify unhelpful thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to their psychological distress or problems.

According to Bandura, people acquire new behaviors through observational learning, by observing others and imitating their behavior.

Milgram's obedience experiment demonstrated the willingness of individuals to obey authority figures, even when they were asked to harm others. This raised ethical concerns about the potential for obedience to override moral considerations.

The primary task during the adolescent stage, according to Erikson, is the development of a sense of identity and discovering one's role in society.

The main objective of a case study in counseling psychology is to gain in-depth understanding of an individual's unique experiences, behaviors, and psychological processes.

According to this theory, individuals perceive and experience stress based on their cognitive appraisal of the situation, including their interpretation of the event and their coping resources.

Rosenhan's study, titled 'On Being Sane in Insane Places,' found that the labeling of individuals as mentally ill had a profound impact on their treatment, even when they presented with no actual symptoms of mental illness.

According to Bowlby, the purpose of the attachment behavioral system is to ensure the survival and protection of infants by promoting proximity-seeking behaviors towards their primary caregivers.

The goal of exposure therapy is to help individuals overcome anxiety or fear by gradually exposing them to the feared stimuli in a controlled and supportive environment.

According to Freud, the three components of personality are the id (primitive and unconscious desires), ego (mediator between the id and reality), and superego (internalized societal rules and moral standards).

The bystander effect refers to the tendency of individuals to be less likely to offer help in an emergency situation when others are present. In the Kitty Genovese case, this diffusion of responsibility was evident as multiple witnesses failed to intervene or seek assistance.

Defense mechanisms, according to the psychoanalytic perspective, serve to protect the individual from anxiety and distress by distorting or denying reality and reducing conscious awareness of threatening thoughts or emotions.

The primary goal of group therapy is to provide a supportive and therapeutic environment where individuals can share experiences, gain insights, and receive feedback from both the therapist and other group members.

The highest level of human motivation according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs is self-actualization, which represents the fulfillment of one's potential and the desire for personal growth and self-fulfillment.

Harlow's experiments demonstrated that infant monkeys preferred the soft and comforting surrogate mother, even when the wire mother provided nourishment. This highlighted the importance of contact comfort in the formation of attachment bonds.

The biopsychosocial approach posits that the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors contributes to the development and maintenance of psychological disorders, emphasizing the need for a holistic understanding and treatment approach.

The Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted by Philip Zimbardo in 1971, is a landmark study that examined the effects of social roles on behavior.

The Stanford Prison Experiment raised significant ethics concerns as participants experienced psychological harm. The study lacked proper informed consent and failed to prioritize the participants' well-being, leading to the early termination of the study.

Solomon Asch's conformity experiments demonstrated the power of social influence and the tendency of individuals to conform to the majority, even when it goes against their own judgment or beliefs.

Stanley Milgram's study on obedience found that factors such as the authority of the experimenter, proximity to the victim, and presence of others influenced the obedience levels of participants to administer potentially dangerous electric shocks.