Social support can positively impact grief outcomes by providing emotional comfort, practical assistance, and opportunities for expression and validation of feelings.

Cultural differences in grieving practices can include variations in mourning rituals, beliefs about the afterlife, expressions of grief, and the duration and intensity of mourning.

Therapeutic interventions can provide support, facilitate adjustment, and help individuals process their emotions and thoughts surrounding the loss.

Disenfranchised grief refers to grief that is not openly acknowledged or socially supported, often due to the loss being stigmatized or not fitting societal norms.

Grief can challenge and reshape one's sense of identity, as individuals may question their roles, values, and beliefs in the aftermath of a loss.

Grieving children may face difficulties in understanding and expressing their emotions, maintaining school performance, and experiencing changes in their social relationships.

Meaning-making involves finding personal or collective significance in the loss experience, which can help individuals make sense of their grief and find purpose and hope for the future.

Cultural norms and beliefs surrounding grief can shape individuals' emotional expression, mourning rituals, and coping strategies.

Grief is a natural response to loss, whereas depression is a clinical disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in activities.

Ambiguous loss refers to a type of loss where there is no clear resolution or closure, such as when a loved one goes missing or in cases of dementia where the person is physically present but psychologically absent.

Resilient grief refers to individuals' ability to adapt and find meaning in the face of loss, resulting in positive growth and continued functioning despite the pain of grief.

The age of the deceased can influence grief experiences, as the loss of a child may evoke different emotions and challenges compared to the loss of a parent or a spouse.

Self-compassion involves being kind, understanding, and patient with oneself during the grieving process, which can provide comfort and promote emotional healing.

Group dynamics refers to the study of how individuals within a group interact with each other. It focuses on understanding how groups form, develop norms, and influence the behavior of their members. Group dynamics also explores the impact of leadership, communication, and decision-making processes on group members' attitudes and behaviors. By studying group dynamics, psychologists aim to gain insights into social behaviors and interpersonal relationships.

Several factors can influence group dynamics. Firstly, the size of the group plays a role, as larger groups tend to have more diverse perspectives and can experience more conflict. Secondly, the composition of the group, including factors such as members' demographics and backgrounds, can impact group dynamics. Thirdly, the group's objectives and tasks influence how members interact and collaborate. Lastly, the presence of a leader or facilitator can significantly shape group dynamics by influencing decision-making and managing conflicts.

Groups typically go through five stages of development: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. During the forming stage, group members get acquainted, establish initial roles, and set goals. In the storming stage, conflicts and power struggles may arise as members assert their opinions and challenge others. The norming stage is when the group establishes norms and resolves conflicts, fostering cooperation. During the performing stage, the group focuses on achieving its objectives. Lastly, in the adjourning stage, the group concludes its activities and reflects on its accomplishments.

Formal groups are deliberately created by an organization for a specific purpose, such as work teams or task forces. They have designated roles, responsibilities, and established norms. Informal groups, on the other hand, emerge naturally within a social context, without any formal structure or assigned roles. They are formed based on personal relationships, shared interests, or common goals. Informal groups often have their own norms and can influence members' attitudes and behaviors outside of formal organizational settings.

Group cohesiveness refers to the level of attraction and loyalty among group members. High cohesiveness often leads to greater cooperation, commitment, and satisfaction within the group. Members of highly cohesive groups are more likely to communicate effectively, trust each other, and work towards achieving shared goals. Additionally, high cohesiveness can mitigate conflict and increase group productivity. However, excessively high cohesion may also lead to groupthink, where critical thinking and diverse opinions are suppressed, potentially hindering decision-making.

Social loafing refers to the tendency of individuals to exert less effort when working as part of a group compared to when working individually. This phenomenon occurs due to a diffusion of responsibility and a belief that individual contributions may not be noticed or rewarded. Social loafing can negatively affect group dynamics by reducing overall productivity and motivation within the group. To mitigate social loafing, it is important to establish clear individual responsibilities and promote a sense of accountability and recognition for individual contributions within the group.

Groupthink and group polarization are both phenomena that can occur within group dynamics but have different outcomes. Groupthink refers to the tendency for group members to conform to a consensus decision without critical evaluation, often leading to poor quality decisions. It can occur in highly cohesive groups with strong leadership and a desire for harmony. On the other hand, group polarization refers to the tendency for group members to adopt more extreme positions or attitudes after group discussion. This occurs as members reinforce each other's initial views, leading to a shift towards the extreme. While groupthink can result in flawed decisions, group polarization can either enhance or escalate existing attitudes or behaviors within the group.