Freud believed that human behaviour is driven by unconscious desires and conflicts that originate in childhood experiences.

behaviourism suggests that behaviour is learned through environmental stimuli and rewards, whereas psychoanalytic theory emphasises the role of unconscious conflicts.

Critics argue that it places too much emphasis on self-exploration and it does not address mental disorders directly.

The main focus of cognitive psychology is on how mental processes work, such as memory, perception, and problem-solving.

Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an involuntary response, while operant conditioning involves using rewards and punishments to increase or decrease voluntary behaviour.

The primary focus of behaviourism is on observable behaviour, rather than the internal processes that generate it.

The primary focus of humanistic psychology is on personal growth and self-actualisation, emphasising human potential and free will.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that people are motivated by fulfilling psychological and physical needs, starting with basic physiological needs and moving towards self-actualisation.

Critics argue that it reduces complex human behaviour to biological processes and ignores environmental factors.

Nature refers to genetic or innate factors that influence behaviour, while nurture refers to environmental factors such as upbringing and life experiences.

Some critics argue that it underestimates the role of biological factors in shaping behaviour and overemphasises socialisation and experience.

The main focus of evolutionary psychology is on how natural selection has shaped our cognitive and behavioural tendencies and how these tendencies have evolved over time.

Critics argue that it lacks scientific validity and empirical evidence, and that its concepts are difficult to measure or verify.

Descriptive statistics describe a particular set of data, while inferential statistics make inferences or generalisations about larger populations based on the data.

The purpose of an academic journal article is to present original research, theories or ideas to the academic community, to be peer-reviewed and to be subjected to scientific scrutiny.

A hypothesis is a testable prediction about a phenomenon, while a theory is a well-established explanation for a wide range of phenomena based on scientific evidence.

Primary sources provide first-hand information about a topic, while secondary sources analyse or interpret primary sources.

Plagiarism is the act of using someone else's work or ideas without giving them credit or permission.

Peer review is intended to validate scientific research by screening research reports prior to allowing scientific researchers and scholars to evaluate and approve them.

Positivist research is based on the assumption that the scientific method can be applied to social phenomena, while interpretive research highlights the subjective meanings and interpretations of social phenomena by humans.