A metal ion in aqueous solution ( aqua ion ) is a cation , dissolved in water , of chemical formula ( M ( H O ) ) . The solvation number , n , determined by a variety of experimental methods is 4 for Li and Be and 6 for elements in periods 3 and 4 of the periodic table . Lanthanide and actinide aqua ions have solvation number of 8 and 9 . The strength of the bonds between the metal ion and water molecules in the primary solvation shell increases with the electrical charge , z , on the metal ion and decreases as its radius , r , increases . Aqua ions are subject to hydrolysis . The logarithm of the first hydrolysis constant is proportional to z / r for most aqua ions . The aqua ion is associated , through hydrogen bonding with other water molecules in a secondary solvation shell . Water molecules in the first hydration shell exchange with molecules in the second solvation shell and molecules in the bulk liquid . The residence time of a molecule in the first shell varies among the chemical elements from about 100 picoseconds to more than 200 years . Aqua ions are prominent in electrochemistry .

In Another World With My Smartphone ( 異 世界 は スマートフォン とともに , Isekai wa Sumātofon to Tomo ni ) is a Japanese light novel series written by Patora Fuyuhara and illustrated by Eiji Usatsuka . J - Novel Club has licensed the series for an English release , releasing each novel in six weekly parts since February 2017 . A manga adaptation by Soto began its serialization in Kadokawa Shoten 's Comp Ace in November 2016 . An anime television series adaptation by Production Reed aired from July to September 2017 .

Dawn O'DayAnne of Green Gables is a 1934 film directed by George Nicholls , Jr. , based upon the novel , Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery . The actress Dawn O'Day who portrayed the title character of Anne Shirley changed her stage name to Anne Shirley after making this film . There was also a sequel ; Anne of Windy Poplars .

Topsoil is the upper , outermost layer of soil , usually the top 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) to 8 inches ( 20 cm ) . It has the highest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms and is where most of the Earth 's biological soil activity occurs . Four elements constitute the composition of soil . Those elements are mineral particles , organic matter , water , and air . The volume of top soil consists of 50 to 80 percent of these particles which form the skeletal structure of most soils . This composition allows the soil to sustain its own weight , and other internal matter such as water and overlying landscape . Organic matter , another important element , varies on quantity on different soils . This provokes positive and negative effects or reactions on the soil . The strength of soil structure decreases with the presence of organic matter , creating weak bearing capacities . Organic matter condenses and or settles in different ways under certain conditions , such as roadbeds and foundations . The skeletal structure becomes affected once the soil is dewatered . The soil 's volume substantially decreases . It decomposes and suffers wind erosion .

The title of Detroit Grand Prix was applied to the Formula One races held at the Detroit street circuit in Detroit , Michigan , United States of America from 1982 through 1988 .

Halloween or Hallowe'en ( a contraction of All Hallows ' Evening ) , also known as Allhalloween , All Hallows ' Eve , or All Saints ' Eve , is a celebration observed in a number of countries on 31 October , the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows ' Day . It begins the three - day observance of Allhallowtide , the time in the liturgical year dedicated to remembering the dead , including saints ( hallows ) , martyrs , and all the faithful departed .

February 26 , 2015The Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) is an independent agency of the United States government created by statute ( 47 U.S.C. § 151 and 47 U.S.C. § 154 ) to regulate interstate communications by radio , television , wire , satellite , and cable . The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband , competition , the spectrum , the media , public safety and homeland security , and modernizing itself .

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions , either fission ( fission bomb ) or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions ( thermonuclear bomb ) . Both bomb types release large quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter . The first test of a fission ( `` atomic '' ) bomb released an amount of energy approximately equal to 20,000 tons of TNT ( 84 TJ ) . The first thermonuclear ( `` hydrogen '' ) bomb test released energy approximately equal to 10 million tons of TNT ( 42 PJ ) . A thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than 2,400 pounds ( 1,100 kg ) can release energy equal to more than 1.2 million tons of TNT ( 5.0 PJ ) . A nuclear device no larger than traditional bombs can devastate an entire city by blast , fire , and radiation . Since they are weapons of mass destruction , the proliferation of nuclear weapons is a focus of international relations policy .

New Orleans , Louisiana|the downtown Covington area|parts of Pearl River , LouisianaThe Best of Me is a 2014 American romantic drama film directed by Michael Hoffman and written by Will Fetters and J. Mills Goodloe , based on Nicholas Sparks ' 2011 novel of the same name . The film stars James Marsden and Michelle Monaghan with Luke Bracey and Liana Liberato .

July 2014The fifth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 12 , and concluded on June 14 , 2015 . It was broadcast on Sunday at 9 : 00 pm in the United States , consisting of 10 episodes , each running approximately 50 -- 60 minutes . The season primarily adapts material from A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons , the fourth and fifth novels in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , though it also uses elements from the third novel , A Storm of Swords , as well as the upcoming sixth novel The Winds of Winter . It also contains original content not found in Martin 's novels . The series is adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss .

Avatar : The Last Airbender is a 61 - episode American animated television series created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko . It first aired on February 21 , 2005 , on Nickelodeon with a one - hour series premiere and concluded its run with a two - hour TV movie on July 19 , 2008 . The Avatar : The Last Airbender franchise refers to each season as a `` Book '' , in which each episode is referred to as a `` chapter '' . Each `` Book '' takes its name from one of the elements that Aang , the protagonist , must master : Water , Earth , and Fire . The show 's first two seasons each consisted of 20 episodes , while the third season had 21 . In addition to the three seasons , there were two recap episodes and three `` shorts '' . The first recap summarized the first eighteen episodes while the second summarized season two . The first self - parody was released via an online flash game . The second and third were released with the Complete Second Season Box Set DVD . The entire series has been released on DVD in Region One , Region Two and Region Four .

So You Think You Can Dance is a franchise of reality television shows in which contestants compete in dance . The first series of the franchise , created by producers Simon Fuller and Nigel Lythgoe , premiered in July 2005 and has broadcast twelve seasons since . Adaptations of the show began airing in other countries in late 2005 and to date 28 localized adaptations have been produced , representing 39 different countries and comprising more than ninety individual seasons .

Harry Simeone Chorale`` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' is a song written in October 1962 , with lyrics by Noël Regney and music by Gloria Shayne Baker . The pair , married at the time , wrote it as a plea for peace during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Regney had been invited by a record producer to write a Christmas song , but he was hesitant due to the commercialism of the Christmas holiday . It has sold tens of millions of copies and has been covered by hundreds of artists .

Magna Carta Holy Grail ( alternatively written and stylized as Magna Carta ... Holy Grail ) is the twelfth studio album by American rapper Jay - Z . It was made available for free digital download for Samsung customers via the Jay - Z Magna Carta app on July 4 , 2013 . It was released for retail sale on July 8 , 2013 , by Roc - A-Fella , Def Jam and Roc Nation . The album features guest appearances by Justin Timberlake , Nas , Rick Ross , Frank Ocean and Beyoncé . Most of the album was produced by Timbaland and Jerome `` J - Roc '' Harmon , while other producers included Boi - 1da , Mike Will Made It , Hit - Boy , Mike Dean , No I.D. , The - Dream , Swizz Beatz , and Pharrell Williams among others . The album was promoted through various commercials presented by Samsung and was not preceded by any retail singles .

Tia Dalma , played by Naomie Harris , is a fictional character from the films Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End . It is revealed in At World 's End that she is the sea goddess Calypso .

Total internal reflection is the phenomenon which occurs when a propagated wave strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical angle with respect to the normal to the surface . If the refractive index is lower on the other side of the boundary and the incident angle is greater than the critical angle , the wave can not pass through and is entirely reflected . The critical angle is the angle of incidence above which the total internal reflection occurs . This is particularly common as an optical phenomenon , where light waves are involved , but it occurs with many types of waves , such as electromagnetic waves in general or sound waves . When a wave reaches a boundary between different materials with different refractive indices , the wave will in general be partially refracted at the boundary surface , and partially reflected . However , if the angle of incidence is greater ( i.e. the direction of propagation is closer to being parallel to the boundary ) than the critical angle -- the angle of incidence at which light is refracted such that it travels along the boundary -- then the wave will not cross the boundary , but will instead be totally reflected back internally . This can only occur when the wave in a medium with a higher refractive index ( n ) reaches a boundary with a medium of lower refractive index ( n ) . For example , it will occur with light reaching air from glass , but not when reaching glass from air .

The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783 . The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain , becoming the United States of America . They defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War in alliance with France and others .

The Governor of California is the chief executive of the California state government , whose responsibilities include making annual State of the State addresses to the California State Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that state laws are enforced . The governor is also the commander - in - chief of the state 's military forces .